圖 1. 抗生素按照作用機(jī)制分類[1]
圖 2. 兩種不同的轉(zhuǎn)染方式[4]
A. 穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染; B. 瞬時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)染
在原核/真核生物轉(zhuǎn)染實(shí)驗(yàn)中常用的抗生素有很多,例如嘌呤霉素、G418、卡那霉素、四環(huán)素和博來(lái)霉素等等。
嘌呤霉素是一種氨基核苷類抗生素,是真核和原核生物中蛋白質(zhì)翻譯的有效抑制劑。如圖 3 所示,嘌呤霉素通過(guò)模擬氨; tRNA (aa-tRNA) 的 3' 末端,代替正常氨基酸參與翻譯延長(zhǎng)過(guò)程。它通過(guò)核糖體肽基轉(zhuǎn)移酶中心 (PTC) 催化摻入新生鏈的 C 末端,阻止進(jìn)一步延伸,導(dǎo)致翻譯過(guò)早的終止,從而抑制了蛋白質(zhì)合成。
圖 3. 嘌呤霉素的作用機(jī)制[6]
編碼嘌呤霉素抗性的基因——嘌呤霉素 N-乙酰轉(zhuǎn)移酶 (PAC) 的 pac 基因,是從 Streptomyces alboniger 中分離出來(lái)的,早在 1988 年,PAC 就首次被用作分離穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)染的哺乳動(dòng)物細(xì)胞系的顯性選擇標(biāo)記。
Mikołaj Słabicki 等在 Nature 上發(fā)表的 Small-molecule-induced polymerization triggers degradation of BCL6 中使用嘌呤霉素篩選抗性的 HEK293TCas9 細(xì)胞。首先將 HEK293TCas9 細(xì)胞進(jìn)行慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染,然后再用嘌呤霉素孵育進(jìn)行篩選。因低濃度的嘌呤霉素對(duì)活細(xì)胞具有毒性,所以篩選后存活下來(lái)的細(xì)胞即具有嘌呤霉素抗性。Yunhao Chen 等在 Mol Cancer 上發(fā)表的 WTAP facilitates progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via m6A-HuR-dependent epigenetic silencing of ETS1 中,也是選取了 4 個(gè)細(xì)胞系,在用慢病毒轉(zhuǎn)染后,用嘌呤霉素感染細(xì)胞 1 周或更長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,通過(guò) RT-qPCR 和 WB 分析確定轉(zhuǎn)染的效率。
圖 4. 嘌呤霉素抗性細(xì)胞篩選過(guò)程
圖 5. G418 抗性細(xì)胞篩選過(guò)程[14]
注: 只有經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)座子 Tn5 或 Tn601 的 neo 基因轉(zhuǎn)染的細(xì)胞可獲得對(duì) G418 的抗性;G418 的有效濃度因細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)培養(yǎng)基、培養(yǎng)條件和代謝率而異。■ 四環(huán)素 (Tetracycline)
四環(huán)素,是一種廣譜的抗生素,對(duì)多種革蘭氏陽(yáng)性和革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌、非典型生物如衣原體、支原體和立克次體以及原生動(dòng)物寄生蟲具有活性。如圖 7,四環(huán)素與細(xì)菌核糖體的 30S 亞基可逆結(jié)合,抑制氨酰-tRNA 與 mRNA-核糖體復(fù)合物的結(jié)合,即防止任何進(jìn)入的氨酰基-tRNA 被信使 RNA 中的密碼子識(shí)別,從而抑制蛋白質(zhì)的合成。
對(duì)四環(huán)素的抗性是通過(guò)以下幾種機(jī)制之一介導(dǎo)的:四環(huán)素流出、通過(guò)將特定細(xì)胞質(zhì)蛋白與核糖體結(jié)合來(lái)保護(hù)四環(huán)素結(jié)合位點(diǎn)、四環(huán)素修飾或在四環(huán)素結(jié)合位點(diǎn)處對(duì) 16S rRNA 進(jìn)行修飾。
圖 7. 四環(huán)素在核糖體位點(diǎn)結(jié)合并阻斷 tRNA 結(jié)合[20]
相關(guān)產(chǎn)品 |
一種氨基核苷類抗生素,抑制蛋白合成。 |
一種氨基糖苷類抗生素,抑制真核生物和原核生物的蛋白質(zhì)合成。 |
一種氨基糖苷類抗生素,抑制一系列革蘭氏陽(yáng)性和陰性細(xì)菌。 |
一種廣譜抗生素,對(duì)多種革蘭氏陽(yáng)性和革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌有抑制活性。 |
一種 DNA 損傷劑,抑制 DNA 合成;一種抗腫瘤抗生素。 |
一種氨基糖苷類抗生素,通過(guò)核 30S 核糖體亞單位的不可逆結(jié)合發(fā)揮抗菌活性,從而阻斷細(xì)菌蛋白質(zhì)的合成;一種已知的磷脂酶 C (PLC) 抑制劑。 |
一種氨基糖苷類抗生素,抑制革蘭氏陽(yáng)性菌和革蘭氏陰性細(xì)菌的生長(zhǎng)并可抑制組織培養(yǎng)中的多種支原體菌株。 |
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